Problems Faced by Brazil and South Africa - 1296 Words

Problems Facing Brazil and South Africa: Brazil has always portrayed a public self-image of a racial democracy though its currently being challenged since black Brazilians struggle to capsize centuries of racism. While many black Brazilians have decided to fight numerous racial comments they receive from their white counterparts, their problems are deeply rooted in the countrys legacy of racial divisions. Many black Brazilians have continued to fight the long-denied space in the countrys society that has kept them on the margins. This group of people are advocating for two affirmative-action legislations in the nations Congress that would provide opportunities for college enrollment and governmental payrolls to black Brazilians. Consequently, the country has been forced to discuss the issue of racial divisions after several decades of showing the world that its free for racism. Though the nations elite have stated that Brazil is not a racist country, the social indicator shows that exclusion is prevalent within the country. These initiatives have marked a dramatic transformation in the nation with more than 90 million black people (Chang, 2007). The countrys numerous problems can be attributed to the racial disparities that have been entrenched in its history. In addition to being the last country in the Americas to abolish slavery, Brazil has continued to suffer from poverty, high illiteracy levels, and poor health systems. These problems can be traced to theShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of National Minimum Wage On South Africa s Income Inequality Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe impact national minimum wage would have on South Africa’s income inequality should it be implemented. South Africa is still considered one of the countries which still consist of high income inequality. Economists argue that inequality is the most unavoidable part of the economic development and that it continues to increase in developing countries due to economic growth (Keeton, 2014). Inequality is a problem in countries such as South Africa, because it shifts the attention from bigger andRead MoreEssay on The Fragile Five: Effects on International Business1344 Words   |  6 PagesSouth Africa, Turkey, India, Indonesia and Brazil become known as the Fragile Five because their economies are too dependent on foreign investment, which is forecast to decline this year (Thomas, L., 2014) The Fragile Five are a huge issue in today’s rising interest rates. The rising rates in these five countries are going to affect the world internationally. 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Throughout the researchRead MoreTypes of Unemployment, Labour Relations, Trade Unions in South Africa and Other Concepts982 Words   |  4 Pagesfind work. Types of unemployed are frictional unemployment, structural unemployment, and cyclical unemployment 1.2.1) BRICS-Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa .This countries represent the 5 declaration of countries. 1.2.2) the purpose of BRICS is to let countries interact with each other. The involvement of globalisation among countries is important. South Africa produces mineral which contribute a lot to the BRICS resources. They must engage functionally on their variable approaches toRead MoreFrom Coloniarl Rule to Civil War: Angola1768 Words   |  7 Pagesand covertly on foreign soil. Colonial Angola From the 15th century forward, nearly twelve million victims were collected and funneled into the Transatlantic Slave Trade. With final destinations in regions around the world like the US’s South, slaves accounted for nearly half of all commodities in these international markets. Author Gavin Wright presents the analysis of how cotton production in the US’s Southeast and Southwest regions from 1800-60 spiked from a combined total from 100,000Read MoreTriangular Trade Route And The Middle Passage Essay1042 Words   |  5 PagesTriangular Trade Research Paper The triangular Trade Route was a system of transferring goods, imports, and people throughout three different ports. Items were transported between the West Indies, Africa, and New England. The most known case of the Triangular Trade Route was in the 17th and 18th century when North American colonies would trade specific goods, like rum, in return for African slaves. The transfer of the slaves was referred to as the middle passage. 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Prevention Of Diabetic Complications Among Elderly

Prevention Of Diabetic Complications Among Elderly Diabetic complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy are directly linked to the geriatric depression scale (Floch, Doucet, Bauduceau Verny, 2014). Diabetes mellitus id one of the leading causes of death among elderly populations and it has great association with the behavioral factors such as inadequate meal, no physical exercise, smoking, consumption of added salt and junk foods, hypertension and other comorbidities (Mantel et al., 2015). In fact a complications of diabetes mellitus among elderly in a nursing home are associated with lack of knowledge regarding diabetes mellitus among health care workers. Health care workers need sufficient knowledge to educate the patients and apply their critical decision to prevent diabetic complications (Smide Nygran, 2013). In addition, active self- management of diabetes mellitus is very crucial to minimize the complications, which not only includes controlling a blood sugar by regular exercise, diet control and othe rs but also it is very important to manage the psychological health status (Hamilton-West et al., 2013). Explanation Of Literature Review In Research A study conducted by floch, Doucet, Bauduceau Verny (2014), explains that retinopathy, nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy has a great association with geriatric scale scores. According to the study, retinopathy was must common among diabetic population. Also, study explains that incidence ofShow MoreRelatedMy Care Plan For Diabetes1726 Words   |  7 PagesThis care plan will be focused on diabetes type 2 in elderly. Diabetes is very debilitating disease that causes other health issue and complication including diabetic ulcer, neuropathy, kidney disease and blindness. 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Idiots Free Essays

Virus was threatened by Ranchos talent and free spirit that he tried n a number of events to ruined the friendship of Rancho with Farman and Raja. In contrast, Virus model student was Chatter Rambling. Rancho humiliates Chatter by substituting obscenities into the text as Chatter read his speech. We will write a custom essay sample on Idiots or any similar topic only for you Order Now Later, Rancho began dating Virus’s pretty daughter Pip and they fell in love to each other. A conflict came when the three students were drunk and went in Virus’s house to allow Rancho to propose to Pip. After that, Virus threatened Raja that he would be expel if he will talk to his best friends. Raja became paranoid and confused so that he decided to commit suicide because he didn’t know what to choose and what to do. Raja recovered with the help of his family and friends. After that Farman decided to pursue his passion in wildlife photography as his profession while Raja took a job interview where he passed. Virus was so heartless that he planned to fail Raja in his final exam but Pip confronted his father about it. She told Rancho about it and gave him the key. Rancho and Farman went in Virus’s house to steal the questions and gave it to Raja but he refused to cheat. Virus caught the trio and expelled them on the spot. However, Rancho gradually gained the deans respect by helping Mona to deliver her baby. Flashing back to the present day, Farman and Raja uncovered some previously unknown facts about their old friend that led them to question everything they ever thought they knew about him. Characters: Ranchos Shameless Chanced/Cheat/ Punish Waning- He was an extraordinary, unique and intelligent student who Incurred the wrath of Dry. Virus by daring to propose radical theories that directly contradicted his teacher’s lessons. Humbly of his excellence. He fell in love with Pta. His real name was Punish Waning who was a famous scientist. Pip Casehardened- She was the youngest daughter of Dry. Virus and the sister of Mona. She was a doctor who helped Rancho to take Raja’s father in the hospital. She also instructed Rancho to deliver the baby in the college common room via Voice over ‘P. She was pretty and fell in love with Ranch o. Farman Queries- He was the one who narrated the film. His passion was for wildlife photography but his father forced him to be an engineer even though it was not his freewill. But later, he convinced his father to pursue his passion as his profession with the help of his friends. Raja Ratios- His best friends were Rancho and Farman. He came from an impecunious family with a paralyzed father who was a postman and mother who was retired teacher. He tried to commit suicide by Jumping from the third floor of the building because of confusion about whom to choose between betraying his friends or letting down his family. Fortunately, he was able to survived and recovered with the help of his friends. Dry. Virus Casehardened- He was the director of ICE. Students called him Virus Just like a computer virus. He was the most competitive man they had ever seen that he couldn’t bear anyone getting ahead him. He owned the pen that he gave to Rancho because of being an excellent student. He was the father of Pip and Mona. He was he school’s uptight and heartless dean. Later, he learned from his own mistakes. Chatter Rambling- He was also known as â€Å"Silencer† and he had a difficulty speaking in Hindu. He was the model student of Dry. Virus. He was born in Uganda and completed his schooling in Benedictory. He popped pills from a local quack to sharper his memory. He always farts and blamed others for the output. He always CT of the students, ironing their clothes and many more. Presently, he works as a faculty member in Ranchos school in Lady. Comes in second rank. Man Moan- Better known as â€Å"Millimeter†. He was assigned to do chores in the amp’s such as doing project Mona Casehardened- The eldest daughter of Dry. Virus and sister of Pta. She was Borneo her baby with the help of Rancho and friends. She was a very supportive sister and she liked Rancho for Pta. Hen his accessories got messed. He didn’t deserve Pip because he only valued and treasured material things and wealth. Mr.. Queries- He was Franc’s father. He wanted his son to be an engineer but later he agreed on the decision of his son. He was a loving father who provided the needs of his son. Ranchos Shameless Chanced- He was the real Rancho. He was sent to London. He was not able to study and Cheat was the one who fulfilled his father’s dream. Shambles Chanced- He was the father of Ranchos Shameless Chanced. He sent Cheat in school because he discovered his intelligence. Joy Lobo’s father – He was a loving father who was very happy for his son was soon-to- be a graduate. Joy Lobo- Machines were his passion like Rancho. He committed suicide because Dry. Virus didn’t give him an extension for his project. Who is/ are the protagonist/s? They are three protagonist in the movie namely Rancho, Farman and Raja but for me I considered Rancho as the main character among them because as we can see in the vie the story is focus with Rancho. I would say the he is the protagonist because he is the savior and hero in the film. He always do the right things and find for everyone’s rights. He is an extraordinary and he is a role model for me. Who are the antagonists? The antagonists are Chatter Rambling and Dry. Virus Casehardened. Chatter was the mortal enemy of Rancho in academics but he always get second place. He was very boastful. Dry. Virus ruins the lives of his students. He is very cruel and strict. He is heartless that he doesn’t feel pity for every students he screwed. He makes lives miserable for the protagonists. How did the movie make you feel? When I watched the movie, I felt disappointed because it only revealed the harsh realities of our education system. It used mockery and humor to display the dark life of every students. But inside that humor, it made me felt hopeful that it also gave us an opportunity to analyze the underlying issues that need reforms. But at the end the movie made me felt that â€Å"All is Well†, Just think positive always because however What aspect of the movie did you most engage with? What will you remember? For me they were two aspects of the movie that I engaged most. First was when Mona as going to deliver his baby. In that part, I will remember that we must be united, have trust with each other and everything will be fine. How to cite Idiots, Papers

Tuesdays With Morrie by Mitch Albom A Lesson of Love and Death Essay Sample free essay sample

I spent a whole hebdomad to read the book â€Å"Tuesdays With Morrie† which is written by Mitch Albom. This book talks about an old adult male who gave us a lesson of love and decease during his procedure of deceasing. In this book. the old professor shared his decease. his love. his life. and everything he understood in the procedure of deceasing with us. This book affected a batch of people. include me. The writher recorded the words said by Morrie in his last 14 hebdomads of life. These words make me understand what is truly cherished in my life and what is merely passing as fume and clouds. At the first clip of go toing the â€Å"Nightline† show. Morrie asked Mitch Albom 5 inquiries which he posed as his bequest. These five inquiries make me look over the past few old ages as I grow up and have a contemplation of them. State me something near to your bosom. As this inquiry appeared to my eyes. the first thing came to my head is my parents. As I am the lone kid. my parents handle me as the most of import thing in the universe. They give me everything they have and neer want wagess. They have tried their best to give me the best thing that they can acquire for me. They are my households and besides the cherished hoarded wealth for me. No affair what happened. we will neer go forth each other. Have you found person to portion your bosom with? Although my parents are really of import for me. I could non speak about everything with them. Fortunately. I have good friends that can portion my bosom with. We listen to the felicity and unhappiness of each other. Although we are separated by a 13-hour clip difference. our Black Marias are still together. Are you giving to your community? As a individual in different places. we may hold different communities such as household. friends. schools or something else. As the old expression goes: â€Å"What we can truly bask is the felicity that coming from giving. † I ever seek to be nice and besides seek my best to do the people in my community be happy. I know that the compensations depend on the parts. You have to give something if you want to acquire something. State me something about your religion. For me. the religion is a really simple thing. What I believed is that â€Å"as the call. so the reverberation. † I keep on making the things that my bosom told me to. Iwish everyone can be happiness and I really tried my best to assist them be happy. I merely want to make the things that my bosom leads me to. Be you at peace with yourself? For this inquiry. I have to state that. I am non at the peace with myself. Sometimes I don’t know what I truly want to make. When I don’t know the ends of my life. I will be huffy with myself. The more pressing I want to happen out the intent of my life. the more ungratified I will be. I ever experience my life is a complete muss. I know it is non good. So really I am seeking to be more peace with my life. myself and everything. In this book. Mitch mentioned that the most valuable things for Morrie are: Death. Family. Love. Forgiveness and so on. From my point of position. decease. household and love are the top three of import value of Morrie. For decease. Morrie said: â€Å"Learn how to decease. you learn how to populate ( page 83 ) . † He treated decease as a procedure of holding a better apprehension of life. For love. Morrie said: â€Å"The most of import thing in life is to larn how to give out love and allow it comes in† and â€Å"Love is the lone rational act ( page 52 ) . † For household. Morrie said: â€Å"This portion of what a household is approximately. non merely love. but allowing others know there’s person who is watching out for them ( page 92 ) . † As Morrie said. households are these people that will neer go forth you entirely. And when you are holding problems. agony or even deceasing. they will remain with you and be together as a household. These five inquiries are really a reappraisal and contemplation of our lives. our values and what sort of individual we are. In my sentiment. the ground why Morrie chose to present these inquiries as his bequest is that these five inquiries help him understand his ain ideas. his values. his strengths and his failing. With these understanding. Morrie can do himself populate a more valuable life in limited clip. With the inspiration that is given by Morrie’s 5 inquiries. I besides set some â€Å"forever† inquiries for myself to reexamine and reflection my past life. I may inquir e follow inquiries as my personal bequest: 1. What is the most of import thing for me?2. Have I done the things that I thought they are right?3. Do I follow my religion?4. Am I satisfied with myself?5. What do I lend to others? With inquiring myself these â€Å"forever† inquiries. I can happen out the jobs and failings of myself. And besides this will assist me to go a better individual that I suppose to be and populate a meaningful life. During the reading of this book. I frequently had a esthesis that I was together with Morrie and Mitch in their Tuesdays. Although the full book gives me a batch of suspirations with emotion. But the transition: â€Å"Remember what I said about happening a meaningful life? I wrote it down. but now I can declaim it: Give yourself to loving others. give yourself to your community around you. and give yourself to making something that gives you purpose and significance ( page 127 ) † is the most of import to me. The chief thought of this book is to state people that you should understand what is cherished in your life. And this transition merely discloses the intent of this book. Obviously. for most people. the most of import things are household. love and live a meaningful life. As Morrie thought. the ground why people are ever non happy is because they don’t truly cognize what they want and they are ever non satisfied. Peoples ever think that more is good. owning is good. But when they get more and more substances. they are non satisfied at all. Whereas we ever consider that what we need are material things. it is non true. These people are so hungry for love. but they don’t cognize how to love people and how to acquire love back. Ultimately. what we need is love. the love from households. friends. communities. and the society. As Morrie said. love is the lone rational act. You can’t take money. houses. or any belongingss away when you are deceasing. What you can take away with you is the love. It is a sort of â€Å"spiritual security† for people to cognize that there is ever person watching out for you and will neer go forth you entirely. But ever people don’t cognize how to love and how to allow love come in their life. If you want love from other individuals. you need to give out your love to others. What you get depends on what you contribute. You have to give into your household. give into your friends and give into yo ur communities to do yourself go a portion of them. And besides in this manner. you can happen out the existent significance of the universe and the life. This book gives me a batch of intensive comprehends. It tells people the true significance of the life by an old man’s procedure of deceasing. Peoples are ever afraid of decease. Everyone knows that they are traveling to decease. but cipher believes it. The same as I do. I know that I will certainly decease someday. but I am still afraid of the coming of this twenty-four hours. I even want to seek to get away from it. After reading this book and traveling through the last 14 hebdomads together with Morrie and Mitch. I have a different position of decease and life. For the first Tuesday he met with Mitch. he told Mitch that he was deceasing straight. Morrie was non afraid of decease. In his sentiment. decease is another sort of acquisition. When you are deceasing. you are larning. When you are traveling to decease is written. You can’t escape from it. What you can make is to happen out the truly cherished things in your life and do your life more meaningful in limited cl ip. We ever believe that we have adequate clip. But it is truly interesting that people find it is excessively late to cognize what is the most of import thing or individual for them at all the clip. This book is really stating us to happen out the true significances every bit early as possible. For me. I will make the things that my bosom tells me to. I will pass more clip together with those who I loved. I will seek my best to do everyone around me be happiness. I will state those who I loved that I love them. And I will non be afraid of decease. This book is really a journey for readers to larn love. decease and the meaningful of life. In 14 weeks’ Tuesday with Morrie and Mitch. everyone could hold some affect by the manner Morrie faced up to his life. By the fondness of Morrie. I consider that I should happen out a better manner for me to populate my life with the people I loved.

Essay on Lord of the Flies by William Golding Essay Example

Essay on Lord of the Flies by William Golding Essay Analysis of Lord of the Flies by William Golding The novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding is about a group of boys who are stranded on an Island after their plane was shot down. Together, the boys worked and came up with ideas that would make their lives on the island suitable and help them get rescued. Ralph, the main character of the story, is a strong minded 12 year old who led the group on their Arduous adventure.Because of Ralphs refined and successful ways, he influenced the boys greatly and got them tothink of ways that would amplify their chances of becoming rescued.For Example in the novel it says, Ralph wavedthe conch. Shut up! Wait! Listen! He went on borne on his triumph.Theres another thing.We can help them to find us.If a ship comes near the island, they may not notice us.So we must make smoke on top of the mountain.We must make a fire. (Pg 38).Ralph wanted to be rescued, but he also knew that the boys with him were doubtful.He kept them focused by reassuring them.Roger took the conch and looked round at them gloomily. Ive been watching the sea.There hasnt been the trace of a ship.perhaps well never be rescued. Ralph replied by saying I said Before Well be rescued sometime.Weve just got too wait, thats all. (Pg 43). We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Lord of the Flies by William Golding specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Lord of the Flies by William Golding specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Lord of the Flies by William Golding specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There isnt really a difference between my personality and Ralph, the main characters personality.Throughout the book, Ralph showed great leadership skills while dealing with the frustration within his surrounding environment.For example, And another thing.We nearly set the whole island on fire.And we waste time, rolling rocks, and making little cooking fires.Now I say this and make it a rule, because Im chief.We wont have a fire anywhere but on the Mountain.Ever. (Pg 81).I am not much different from Ralph because I also play leadership roles.And I am still able to stay focus even when Im placed In difficult situations, like he was.

Henry Fleming and The Red Badge of Courage essays

Henry Fleming and The Red Badge of Courage essays In The Red Badge of Courage, a young man named Henry Fleming develops many attributes I compare and contrast to. Crane "paints" a vivid picture of what life was like for the fragile Henry Fleming. He demonstrates a sense of separation in Fleming's life that I can relate to. Crain portrays an image of insecurity in Henry, which I sharply collate with. As the narrative, The Red Badge of Courage opens, Henry and his mother are engaged in a quarrel about Henry leaving to join the Army. By going against his mother's wishes and disobeying her, he isolates himself from his family. Since my mother has shown favor to my older sister, I too, have separated myself from her. This isolation is imperative to the way Henry lives his life during his time in the Army, and to the way I live my daily life at home with my mother. Moral support is something that a family, especially a mother, provides for a child, but because Henry and I have disassociated our selves from our mothers, we neglect to receive this. This moral support is needed during the hard times of life, but when Henry looks for this support, he realizes that he's pushed it away, far out of his life, and that it is almost imperceptible. During war, a soldier's most important support system is his/her regiment. This is a support system that Henry has and then loses throughout this time period in his life. All through the war, Henry questions his courage and bravery. He wonders if he will turn and run when death is looking him in the eyes, or if he will decide to stay and do what he came to do; prove that he is a man and can handle even death itself. Throughout my life, I have continually stayed secure within myself, and always have trusted and stood by my decisions. During the battle, several soldiers are wounded earning their "red badge of courage" and Henry becomes envious of those men. The soldiers in the regiment feel a certain pride and respectability from earning their "red b...

To what extent has the credit crunch contributed towards a downturn in Essay - 1

To what extent has the credit crunch contributed towards a downturn in UK house prices - Essay Example A trial is being made to relate the trends in the housing markets and the financial crunch to the theories of economics. The credit crunch and the national and international economic developments have had substantial impact on the country’s real estate market. Before analysing the present situation of the market, it would be ideal to have an overview of the historic developments in the housing market of the United Kingdom. After the downfall of the housing industry in early 1990, there had been a steady growth in the UK housing market. From the stage of disaster, the industry had dramatic growth resulting in the average house price to touch  £163,000 in the year 2005. The quantum of the growth is reflected by the fact that this price was the double of the average house price in the dawn of the millennium. (Cameron G, 2005,). Interestingly the trend was similar in the international scenario as well. The downfall of the US economy and the recession which began in early 2007, catalysed a chain reaction in the international economy as well. This resulted in serious credit crunch in most of the leading economies. The UK economy was no exception. There were serious negative responses in the economy which led to acute credit crunch. The finance flow was seriously affected. Real estate was one of the first industries to be affected by the credit crunch and the allied economic developments. The post recessive period observed critical economic outcomes in the housing industry of United Kingdom. In comparison with the previous year, the house prices were 7.4 percent lower in October 2008. (DCLG, 2008). The average house price in UK in October 2008 was  £203,539. At the same time the house prices paid by the first time buyers were almost ten percent lower than that in the previous year (DCLG, 2008). Meanwhile while

History of design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of design - Essay Example Fourth, there have been different technical interpretations of Art Nouveau which include use of very costly materials and cherished high technique while others utilized low-cost materials and mass reproduced. My design was a woman playing a guitar with a peace sign in the background. It belongs to the period of Art Nouveau because it was a symbol of beautifying an object and an activity which are part of the everyday life of the people. It was clearly a deviation from the idea of neoclassical forms. My design was composed of flowing lines and flowers which does not stick to the preciseness of geometry, the main rule during the neoclassical period. During the late nineteenth century, the period was characterized by symbolism as a response to realism and positivism. Art Nouveau which started during the early twentieth century can be considered a continuation of this reaction to realism but part of a larger argument between materialism and idealism (Willette, â€Å"Defining Art Nouveau†). The purpose of Art Nouveau was not to simply describe nature but also to suggest and express sensual impressions (Willette, â€Å"Defining Art Nouveau†). The era suggests the different approach on how we see and understand the world. According to Willete, this means seeing the world as subjective, mental, personal and emotional (2010). Art Nouveau drew questions on values as it explored issues personal and sexual freedom, womens rights, youth revolution, mythology, psychology, mass manufactured art, narcotics and religion (â€Å"Sense and Sensuality† 2014). The design I have depicts the women’s call for peace. During the Art Nouveau period, women were viewed as irresistibly sexual, disreputable, ethically compromised and even extremely threatening (Hoffman, â€Å"Quick History†). Thus, my design wanted to convey how women were struggling to gain peace and not just solely an image of â€Å"sex.† Art Nouveau promulgates the idea of art and design as part of the daily life. During

Link between Al Ain Distribution Company strategy and CSR Essay

Link between Al Ain Distribution Company strategy and CSR - Essay Example AADC‘s mission is to service current demand of water and electricity. AADC’s responsibility â€Å"is to reliably, securely and safely distribute water and electricity from Transco’s termination points to residential, commercial, agricultural and government consumers in the Al Ain Region. (AADC). The social responsibility of AADC has been incorporated in this mission that specifies reliability in the course of its operation. Corporate responsibility is about how the company aligns its values and behavior with the expectations and needs of stakeholders, customers, employees, suppliers, communities, regulators, special interest groups and society. (CSR Network) Issues that are covered by the CSR are governance, environmental management, stakeholder engagement, labor standards, employee and community relations, social equity, responsible sourcing and human rights. AADC is expected to be a reliable supplier of clean and potable water to the district as well as a steady supplier of electricity in an effective cost manner. ADC sees shortage of water supply in the future that has to be resolved and at the same time considers the operating costs related to this. It has the social responsibility of correct billing information to customers. It has to devise a system that will address lack of metering process; manual calculations and IT system bring incorrect billing to customers. It has the social responsibility to manage the company profitably for the interest of stakeholders. AADC has the responsibility to develop and train its human resources, provide adequate pay, to motivate them for satisfactory performance and employee retention. AADC has the social equity responsibility to remove discrimination on work policy and ethics particularly on hiring of women in order to fill the lack of manpower. AADC’s social responsibility and commitments to Health, Safety and Environment. (AADE) AADC aims to minimize HSE risks

An Essay About Orbits Communications Essay

An Essay About Orbits Communications Essay The word orbit we hear it very often, whenever the space shuttle launched or it meets up ISS (International Space Station) or when a rocket launches a payload, we always come across the word ‘orbit. But what actually the orbit is? An orbit is a specific path on which an artificial satellite revolves/travels around another body or planet .This path is regular and repeating .Satellite can be natural and artificial, like Moon .Moon itself acts like a satellite which travels around the Earth in a particular path. In the solar system , nine planets including Earth ,revolves around the sun in an orbit .Satellite that travels around the Earth are not in a constant distance from Earth, it varies .Sometimes its closer and sometimes far away. The closest orbit of satellite around the Earth is called â€Å"perigee† and farthest orbit called â€Å"apogee†. The time required for a satellite to complete full orbit is called a â€Å"period†. According to Isaac Newtons first law of motion, a moving object will remain in motion unless something pulls it or push it, and that is gravity. Without Earths gravity, satellite would go off in the space along a straight path .With Earths gravity it keep on pulled satellite back to Earth. To maintain the orbit, the gravitational force and the momentum of moving object have to be balanced. Another factor is Escape velocity. It is the speed of an object (satellite) to break free from the gravity of the planet and enters into a certain orbit. It depends on the mass of the planet and varies from planets to planets and the distance from the centre of the planet to the object (satellite) is also important. The escape velocity of Earth is approx. 11.3 km (7 miles)/hr. Orbital Velocity: Orbital velocity is the required speed needed for an object (satellite) to stay in an orbit. It is about and altitude of 242 km, approx 17,000 miles /hr. [4] SATELLITE ORBITS There are three different types of orbits High Earth orbit (Geostationary orbit), Medium Earth orbit (MEO), and Low Earth orbit (LEO).The orbit selected for satellite is depend on its usage and application. Direct Broadcast Programmes and weather communication satellites use Geostationary Orbit, as they are far away from the Earth and they travel in the Earths direction therefore looks stationary .Satellite navigation systems (NAVSTAR or GPS [global positioning system] ),designed to navigate a particular region or area and satellite phones are in MEO(Medium Earth Orbit). NASAs Earth Observing System and other scientific satellites uses LEO (Lower Earth Orbit). [5] [6] Earth orbits. [7] ORBITAL DISTANCES[8] , [9] Orbits Orbit Initials Miles Km 1-way Delay Orbit altitude (KM above earths surface) Low Earth Orbit (LEO) 100-500 160 1,400 50ms 200 1200 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) 6,000 12,000 10-15,000 100ms 1200 35790 Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) ~22,300 36,000 250 ms 35790 Circular and Elliptical Paths There are two types of orbit paths, in which satellite travels around the Earth, circular and elliptical. In circular orbits, the distance between the earth and satellite remains same all the time. When a satellite orbit around the Earth, it creates a plane, which goes across the geo -centre or centre of gravity of Earth. If the satellite orbit with Earths rotation, it is called â€Å"posigrade† and if it is in opposite direction, it is â€Å"retrograde†. The path of satellite around Earth is also defined. If the satellite travels directly overhead the Earth, it makes a circle which had the centre of gravity of Earth known as â€Å"Ground Track† and it consists of single point on Earths Equator. [10] Satellite orbit paths. [11] HEIGHT OF ORBIT The distance between satellite and earth or the height of orbit decides how fast the satellite is going to travels around the Earth. The satellite motion is always controlled by the gravity of the Earth. The more nearer the satellite is, gravity gets stronger and it travels more faster. For instance, NASAs Aqua satellite completes the period in 99 minutes around Earth at approx 750kms up, on the other hand a weather satellite takes 23 hrs, 56 mins, and 4 secs to complete a period at 42,164km away from Earth. If we look at Moons one complete period around Earth, it takes 28days at 384,403 kms from the centre of Earth. By changing the height of satellite, it effects on its orbital speed as well. For changing the speed of the satellites orbit, the satellite operator fire thrusters which helps the satellite to accelerate more. It would boost the orbit, in terms of increasing the altitude but it will slow the orbital velocity. Instead of that, the satellite operator should fire the thrusters in opposite direction of the satellite ,By doing this ,it will push the satellite into the lower orbit , which causes increment in orbital velocity. ECCENTRICITY OF AN ORBIT It directs to the pattern, shape of the orbit path. With a low eccentricity the satellite will move close to the Earth in circle (Lower earth orbit). The Eccentricity of an orbit refers to the diversion of orbit from an ideal circle path. With eccentricity of (e) = 0 the orbit forms a circular path, the value of eccentricity lies between 0 ~1.With high (e) = 0.9 the orbits forms an elliptical orbit, the nearest distance from Earth is called perigee and furthest distance is called apogee. In any elliptical orbit, it focused on two focal points, and one of them is geo-centre of Earth, Picture taken from [link] , (NASA illustration by Robert Simmon Another crucial factor is plane of satellite orbital path. An orbital inclination is the angle between the plane of the orbit with the equator of the earth. If the orbit is directly overhead the equator of Earth, it will have an inclination of 0 ° or 180 ° and generally it is called equatorial orbits .And if the orbit is passing over the north and south poles of the Earth , it will make and inclination of 90 °and known as polar orbits. Angle of Inclination [link1] , [link2]. Another feature is the angle of elevation, above the earths plane with a given location of earth and time. It plays an important role when a contact between satellite and earth station is required. Angle of elevation means, when the satellite appears on the horizontal axis of earth. Signals from Earth station may be interrupted if the angle is too small or if the earth stations antenna is not located on high altitude. Minimum of 5 ° angle of elevation is acceptable for satisfactory results. [link] All together, the satellite height, inclination and eccentricity helps to observe the satellite path and what vision it will have on the Earth. TYPES OF ORBITS HIGH EARTH ORBIT [GEO (Geostationary /Geosynchronous orbit)] When a satellite approaches 42,164 kms away from the centre of the Earth (approx 36,000kms from the surface of Earth) it enters into a special plane of orbit where its period starts matching the earths rotation and it orbits the same velocity as Earths. So, the satellite starts behaving as stationary over the Earths equator surface. This High Earth Orbit is known as Geosynchronous. A satellite moving in circular orbit directly overhead the Earths surface with eccentricity and angle of inclination at 0 °forms a geosynchronous also known as geostationary orbit. As it follows the Earth , so it completes its 1 period in 24 hours. GEO orbit is an ideal orbit for monitoring weather forecast events ,because in GEO orbit , the satellite can provide a constant image of same surface range as it follows the Earth.GEO stationary satellites like, GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) sends data after every few minutes about wind , regular inspection of cloud impressions and water vapours. Launched and built by NASA, operated by NOAA (National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration) .GOES satellite also helps to locate the ships and aeroplanes in distress situation. Earth images at different intervals of time. [link] As geostationary satellite is always on fixed single position, they can be useful for satellite phones, direct satellite broadcast, radio etc. Just beyond the bounds of High Earth Orbit, there are Lagrange Points. At these points the earths gravity pull cancels the Suns gravity pull .Any satellite placed on these points will get proportional pull towards the Sun and the Earth and it will start moving with the Earth around the Sun. There are 5 Lagrange points, L1 L2 are located opposite sides of the Earth i.e., night and day sides. L3 is located on the other side of the Sun, adverse side of the earth. Only are stable points , located at 60 ° above and behind the Earth in same orbit. On L1, L2 L3 any slight agitation will drop out the satellite out of Lagrange point. At these critical points, they need constant and regular adjustments to stay balanced within the orbit. But on L4 and L5 even if they get disturbed they return back to their initial point. Lagrange Points MEDIUM EARTH ORBIT Satellites which orbits in medium earth orbit they move more quickly as compared to GEO because they are closer to Earth. There are two types of medium earth orbits, Semi Synchronous orbit and Molniya Orbit. 1) Semi Synchronous orbit: This orbit is a near to circular orbit with a very low eccentricity, with a distance of 26,560 kms away from the centre of Earth approximately 20,200 kms from the Earths surface. At this distance, the satellite takes 12 hours to complete its 1 period/orbit. As satellite orbits, the Earth revolves under it and in 24 hours of time, the satellite come across the same 2 points everyday on the equator. This orbit is persistent and much more predictable. This orbit is used by GPS satellites (Global Positioning System). 2) Molniya Orbit: This is the second orbit in MEO, the Molniya orbit. Made by Russians, it works satisfactory for determining high latitudes. With the high eccentricity of 0.722 and inclination of 63.4 ° it forms a huge ellipse orbital path with the Earth, and it is very close with the Earth on one edge. Due to this, it gets accelerated by the earths gravity. As it orbits more faster when it is near to Earth and it slows down, when it moves far away .Due to the high eccentricity, it spends more time at the top of ellipse orbit. Similar to Semi Synchronous orbit, it takes 12 hours to complete its 1 period/orbit and in 24 hours of time, the satellite come across the same 2 points everyday .Molniya orbit is useful for communication in far hemispheres. This orbit is used by Russian communications satellites and the Sirius radio satellites. LOW EARTH ORBIT With a 160-1,240 miles altitude, it forms a low earth orbit in a circular path above the Earths surface. The satellites moving in this orbit complete one period/orbit in roughly 90 minutes. It means they can faster in LEO at approximately 17,000 mph.[link]. Mostly weather communication satellites and scientific satellites are in Low earth orbit .the satellites in LEO got different angle of inclination .the inclination angle depends on the purpose of what to monitor. For example, TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) satellite tasked to monitor the rainfalls in the tropic regions. So that it has a low inclination of 35 ° and it is closer to the equator. NASAs Earth observing system satellites are in LEO and in polar orbits. As they orbits around the north to south poles, they are highly inclined and they takes 99 minutes to complete 1 period/orbit. In half of the period (e.g. north to south pole), they captured the daytime of Earths surface, and in second half period they capture the opposite night time side of the Earth. In 24 hours, the satellites in polar orbits capture the Earth twice, once in daytime and second in night time. The polar -orbiting satellites have one special spot on the equator which lets them to stay in 1 time. This orbit is a Sun Synchronous orbit which indicates that no matter whenever the satellite comes across the equator, the local solar time will be same on the ground as well. For example, Terra satellite, when it crosses the Brazil on equator the time is always about 10:30 am. After completing its one orbit in 99 minutes, when it next overpasses the Earth equator, it comes across the Ecuador or Colombia at about 10:30. The path of Sun-synchronous obit is very narrow. To maintain the sun -synchronous orbit, it is necessary for a satellite to achieve a height of 100 kms with an orbital inclination of 96 °. Accomplishing Maintain the Orbit: To launch a satellite into a particular orbit, an enormous amount of energy is required, and this energy is depends upon the height of the orbit, location of launch site and orbital inclination. For High Earth Orbits, requires huge energy boost just to reach their destination. Polar orbit satellites take more energy as compared to the satellites which are overhead the Earths equator as they didnt gets boost from earths momentum .The ISS (International Space Station) orbits at orbital inclination of 51.6397 ° and it helps other space shuttles to reach to it . Maintaining the Orbit: perturbation There are many factors which effects the orbital inclination of satellites. As in the solar system there are many other gravity pulls as well, such as from the Sun , Moon , and Jupiter , the biggest planet in the solar system NASAS LEO satellites , requires maintenance every year to maintain the inclination of sun-synchronous orbit. Satellites in LEO are also dragged out from their orbit because of the atmosphere. Satellites in lower earth orbit moves through the thinnest layers of the atmosphere where air friction is quite strong and it is more than enough to pull them out from the orbit or pull them closer to Earth. If the satellite comes closer to Earth, Earths gravity accelerates them to boost up, it will either burn up or fall down to earth. Air always rises and expands if heated. The air in the atmosphere rises and expands due to the Suns extra enormous amount of energy. The thinner sheet of atmosphere rises and thicker layer under it takes it place. Now, the satellite orbits in thicker layer instead of thinner layer. It creates more friction between the medium and the satellite. As there is a lot of space junk, orbital debris in orbital paths.

A Worn Path :: essays research papers

The Journey of Life As I began to read this short story about a painful and tedious trek an aged grandmother endures she has made for the last three or four years to the city with one intention in mind, to get a medicine for her chronically ill grandson. On a cold December day she repeats the same journey again. As we read, it appears to be about a long journey the woman has made throughout the entire story, but by carefully examining the theme, it tells us that there is a greater message than just a long trek. In the story â€Å"A Worn Path† by Eudora Welty, an old woman whose human spirit is full of dedication, dignity and high morale overcomes tremendous obstacles of life in the name of love. Phoenix Jackson is the protagonist of the story who is an African- American woman, old and probably disabled. As one person says in the story â€Å"You must be hundreds years†(Welty, p365) addressing Phoenix. All of these characteristics are the evidence that the journey is not going to be easy, but her faith in God and strong relation with nature accommodate her on the way. She understands nature by designating it as a â€Å"guardian† when her dress gets caught in the bush. â€Å"Thorns doing your appointed work. Never want to let folks pass†(Welty, p364), says Phoenix while taking her dress carefully out of the bush. When she has difficult times such as fatigue and the fall in the bush, she addresses to God by reaching her hand to Him, but nothing reached down to her. It is not her time to leave the Earth yet, so God sends her a hunter, instead, for help. With her belief in God, her goal to finish her journey and her love for her grandson, she conquers all obst acles on the way. The most difficult obstacle on her way is a young white man who actually helps her stand up when she falls, but he still poses as a great danger to her because of his prejudiced beliefs against black people. Eudora Welty creates two protagonists of opposite race for the purpose of showing racial discrimination in society. By meeting Phoenix and the hunter can get into societal conflict if Phoenix becomes aggressive against his attitude. Yet, she avoids any verbal and physical confrontations and still manages to get even in the game.

Mumbai attacks Essay

INTRODUCTION The day of 26th November, 2008 would have been as usual and pleasant as any other day for Mumbai but the terror attacks by the members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, considered as terrorist organisation by India, who wreaked havoc in the India’s largest city. There were ten gunmen, nine of whom were subsequently shot dead and one captured by security forces. Witnesses reported that they looked to be in their early twenties, wore black t-shirts and jeans, and that they smiled and looked happy as they shot their victims. It was initially reported that some of the attackers were British citizens, but the Indian Government later stated that there was no evidence to confirm this. Similarly, early reports of twelve gunmen were also later shown to be incorrect. On December 9, the ten attackers were identified by Mumbai police, along with their home towns in Pakistan: Ajmal Amir from Faridkot, Abu Ismail Dera Ismail Khan from Dera Ismail Khan, Hafiz Arshad and Babr Imran from Multan, Javed from Okara, Shoaib from Narowal, Nazih and Nasr fromFaisalabad, Abdul Rahman from Arifwalla, and Fahad Ullah from Dipalpur Taluka. Dera Ismail Khan is in the North-West Frontier Province; the rest of the towns are in Pakistani Punjab. Ajmal Kasab was the only attacker captured alive by police and is currently under arrest. Much of the information about the attackers’ preparation, travel, and movements comes from his confessions to the Mumbai police. Mohammed Ajmal Amir Kasab was born on July 13, 1987. He briefly joined his brother in Lahore, who worked as a labourer, and then returned to Faridkot. He left home after a fight with his father in 2005. He had asked for new clothes on Eid, but his father could not provide them, which made him angry. He then became involved in petty crime with his friend Muzaffar Lal Khan, soon moving on to armed robbery. On Dec 21, 2007, Bakr-Eid day, they were in Rawalpindi trying to buy weapons when they encountered members of Jama’at-ud-Da’wah, the political wing of Lashkar-e-Taiba, distributing pamphlets. After a brief chat, they decide to sign up for training with the Lashkar-e-Taiba, ending up at their base camp, Markaz Taiba. According to Deputy Commissioner of Mumbai Police he spoke rough Hindi and barely any  English. Some sources said his father asked him to join the militant group, Lashkar-e-Taiba so that he could use the money they gave him to run the family. When asked ab out this, Ajmal Amir’s father told reporters, â€Å"I don’t sell my sons.† Even David Coleman Headley is charged for scouting the locations for 2008 Mumbai terror attacks by Laskar-e-Taiba. He is alleged by FBI for conspiring to bomb targets in Mumbai, India; providing material support to Lashkar-i-Taiba, a militant Pakistani Islamist group; and aiding and abetting the murder of U.S. citizens. Training Ajmal Amir is alleged to be among a group of 24 men who received training in marine warfare at a remote camp in mountainous Muzaffarabad in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. Part of the training is reported to have taken place on the Mangla Dam reservoir. Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi, a senior commander of the Lashkar-e-Taiba, reportedly offered to pay his family Rs.150,000 for his participation in the attacks. Another report said the 21-year old man was recruited from his Punjab, Pakistan home in part based on a pledge by recruiters to pay USD $1,250 US (Rs. 62,412.50) to his family when he became a martyr. Other sources put the reward to USD $4,000. Stages of training This batch of 25 went through the following stages of training: †¢ Psychological: Indoctrination to Islamist propaganda, including compiled footage of ‘Indian atrocities’ in Jammu & Kashmir, and imagery of the atrocities suffered by Muslims in India, Chechnya, Palestine and across the globe. †¢ Basic Combat: Lashkar’s basic combat and terror methodology course,  the Daura Aam. †¢ Advanced Training: Selected to undergo advanced specialised training at a camp near Mansehra, a course the organisation calls the Daura Khaas. This includes advanced weapons and explosives training supervised by retired personnel of the Pakistan Army, along with survival training and further indoctrination. †¢ Finally, an even smaller group selected for specialised marine commando and navigation training given to the fidayeen unit selected to target Mumbai. From the batch of about 25, 10 were handpicked for the Mumbai mission. They also received training in swimming and sailing, besides the use of high-end weapons and explosives under the supervision of LeT commanders. According to a media report citing an unnamed former Defence Department Official of the US, the intelligence agencies of the US had determined that the former officers from Pakistan’s Army and Inter-Services Intelligence agency assisted actively and continuously in training. They were given blueprints of all the four targets – Taj Mahal Palace & Tower, Oberoi Trident hotel and Nariman House. The type of training which he got completely washed his brain and it was enough to make him think only of destruction and only destruction. Feeling of hatred incited him against India to that level that he only wanted to kill Indians and to destroy India. Pakistanis give these terrorist institutions the name of militant organisations to hide these from the eyes of the world but these are recognised as terrorist groups in India, USA and UK. These institutions give militant training to those individuals who do not have sufficient money and gradually prepare them as a ‘militant terrorist’ in the name of ‘jihad’. ATTACKS Entry into India According to investigations the attackers traveled by sea from Karachi, Pakistan across the Arabian Sea, hijacked the Indian fishing trawler ‘Kuber’, killing the crew of four, and then forced the captain to sail to Mumbai. After killing the captain, the terrorists entered Mumbai on a rubber dinghy. The captain of ‘Kuber’, Amar Singh Solanki, had earlier been imprisoned for six months in a Pakistani jail for illegally fishing in Pakistani waters. The first events were detailed around 20:00 Indian Standard Time (IST) on 26 November, when 10 Urdu-speaking men in inflatable speedboats came ashore at two locations in Colaba. They reportedly told local Marathi-speaking fishermen who asked them who they were to â€Å"mind their own business† before they split up and headed two different ways. The fishermen’s subsequent report to police received little response. Involvement in Attack He was captured on CCTV during his attacks at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus along with another terrorist, Ismail Khan. Ajmal Amir reportedly told the police that they wanted to replicate theIslamabad Marriott hotel attack, and reduce the Taj Hotel to rubble, replicating the 9/11 attacks in India. Ajmal Amir and his accomplice Abu Dera Ismail Khan, age 25, attacked the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) railway station. They then moved on to attack a police vehicle (a white Toyota Qualis) at Cama Hospital, in which senior Mumbai police officers (Maharashtra ATS Chief Hemant Karkare, Encounter Specialist Vijay Salaskar and Additional Commissioner of Mumbai Police Ashok Kamte) were traveling. After killing them in a gun battle and taking two constables’ hostage in the Qualis, Ajmal Amir and Ismail Khan drove towards Metro cinema. Ajmal Amir joked about the bullet proof vests worn by the police and killed one constable when his mobile phone rang. They fired some shots into a crowd gathered at Metro Cinema. They then drove towards Vidhan Bhavan where they fired a few more shots. Their vehicle had a tire puncture, so  they stole a silver Ã…  koda Laura and drove towards Girgaum Chowpatty. Earlier, the D B Marg police had got a message from police control at about 10pm, saying that two heavily armed men were at large after gunning down commuters at CST. 15 policemen from D B Marg were sent to Chowpatty where they set up a double barricade on Marine Drive armed with 2 self-loading rifles (SLRs), two revolvers and lathis (or batons). The Skoda reached Chowpatty and halted 40 to 50 feet from the barricade. It then reversed and tried to make a U-turn. A shootout ensued and Abu Ismail was killed. Ajmal lay motionless playing dead. Assistant sub-inspector Tukaram Omble, who was armed only with a lathi(gapp), was killed when the police charged the car. Umbale took five bullets, but held on to Ajmal’s weapon, enabling his colleagues to capture him alive. A mob gathered and attacked the two terrorists. This incident was captured on video. Some reports said that Ajmal Amir was shot and had bullet wounds in his hand or both hands. There are other reports by doctors who treated him that he had no bullet wounds. While it is reported that he told the police that he was trained to â€Å"kill to the last breath†, when he was arrested, he pleaded with the medical staff: â€Å"I do not want to die. Put me on saline†. Later, after interrogation in the hospital by the police, he said: â€Å"Now, I do not want to live†, requesting the interrogators to kill him for the safety of his family in Pakistan who could be killed or tortured for his surrender to Indian police. Fidayeen terrorists are strictly instructed by Lashkar commanders not to be captured and interrogated, use aliases instead of their real names and hide their nationality. He is also quoted as saying â€Å"I have done right, I have no regrets†. Reports also surfaced that the group planned to escape safely after the attack, ruling out this being a suicide mission. It is also reported that he expressed to Indian police his willingness to switch loyalties, saying: â€Å"If you give me regular meals and money I will do the same that I did for them†. Ajmal Amir has told interrogators that right through the fighting, the Lashkar headquarters from Karachi, Pakistan remained in touch with the group, calling their phones through a voice-over-internet service. Investigators have succeeded in reconstructing the group’s journey through the Garmin GPS set that has been seized from him. The mail sent from a bogus group calling itself the Deccan Mujahideen claiming responsibility has been traced to a Russian proxy which was then traced back to Lahore, Pakistan with the help of the FBI. It was in fact the Lashkar-e-Toiba operating under an alternate name after being banned by U.S. Methodology The attackers had planned the attack several months ahead of time and knew some areas well enough for the attackers to vanish, and reappear after security forces had left. Several sources have quoted Kasab telling the police that the group received help from Mumbai residents. The attackers used at least three SIM cards purchased on the Indian side of the border with Bangladesh, pointing to some local collusion. There were also reports of one SIM card purchased in New Jersey, USA. Police had also mentioned that Faheem Ansari, an Indian Lashkar operative who had been arrested in February 2008, had scouted the Mumbai targets for the November attacks. Later, the police arrested two Indian suspects, Mikhtar Ahmad, who is from Srinagar in Kashmir, and Tausif Rehman, a resident of Kolkata. They supplied the SIM cards, one in Calcutta, and the other in New Delhi. Type 86 Grenades made by China’s state-owned Norinco were used in the attacks. Blood tests on the attackers indicate that they had taken cocaine and LSD during the attacks, to sustain their energy and stay awake for 50 hours. Police say that they found syringes on the scenes of the attacks. There were also indications that they had been taking steroids. The gunman who survived said that the attackers had used Google Earth to familiarise themselves with the locations of buildings used in the attacks. DISPUTE ON NATIONALITY Dispute There was a dispute on the matter regarding the issue of nationality of Ajmal Kasab in the court. After the attacks, India asserted that Ajmal was a Pakistani national based on his confession and evidence gathered due to the information provided by him. Several reporters visited the village in Pakistan where Ajmal Amir said his family lived, and verified the facts provided by him. Former Pakistan Prime Minister, Nawaz Sharif confirmed that Ajmal Amir was from Faridkot village in Pakistan, and criticized President Zardari for cordoning off the village and not allowing his parents to meet anyone. Investigative journalist Saeed Shah travelled to Ajmal Amir’s village and produced national identity card numbers of his parents, Mohammed Amir and Noor Elahi soon after they themselves disappeared on the night of December 3, 2008. Also, the Mumbai Police said that much of the information that Ajmal Amir provided had proved to be accurate. He disclosed the location of a fishing trawler, MV Kuber, that the terrorists used to enter Mumbai’s coastal waters. He also told investigators where they would find the ship captain’s body, a satellite phone and a global-positioning device, which they did. Despite mounting evidence, Pakistani officials, including President Asif Ali Zardari, initially denied the assertion that Ajmal Amir was Pakistani. Pakistani government officials attempted to erase evidence that there was a Lashkar-e-Taiba office in Deepalpur, near Kasab’s village. The office was hurriedly closed in the week of December 7. Moreover, at Faridkot many residents and local plainclothes police appeared to be trying to hurriedly cover up Ajmal Amir’s connection with the village. The atmosphere turned hostile, and several reporters who went to Faridkot were roughed up. In early December, dealing a major blow to Pakistan’s claims, Ajmal Amir’s father admitted in an interview that the captured terrorist was his  son. In January 2009, a month after the attacks, Pakistan’s national security advisor Mahmud Ali Durrani admitted to Ajmal Amir being a Pakistani citizen while speaking to the CNN-IBN news channel. The Pakistan Government then hastily acknowledged that Ajmal was a Pakistani, but also announced that Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gilani had fired Durrani for â€Å"failing to take Gilani and other stakeholders into confidence† before making this information public, and for â€Å"a lack of coordination on matters of national security.† This is a satire on the administrative system of Pakistan. Kasab’s confession on Nationality The statement made by the Pakistani minister was contradicted by their own official and even Kasab. Kasab even admitted before the court that he is a Pakistani and belong to Faridkot in Pakistan. Kasab accepted before the trial judge that he was a Pakistani national and told the court that he is fine with government-provided lawyer to defend him. Kasab appeared before special judge M L Tahiliyani via video link from the Arthur Road jail where he is presently lodged in a high security cell giving the media the first glimpse of the surviving terrorist who along with his nine accomplices were involved in the carnage. Tahiliyani asked Kasab to identify himself and asked him where he was from. Kasab replied that he was from Faridkot, in Pakistan’s Punjab province. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS Kasab’s confession Pakistani terrorist Mohammed Ajmal Amir Kasab, in his dramatic confession before a special court Monday, said that he was a decorator by profession but since his income was little, he was attracted to ‘jehad’ (holy war). Through some contacts, he came in touch with the terror group Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and later underwent training under Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi, Abu Hamza, Abu Kafa and Abu Jhundal, the masterminds of the Nov 26, 2008, Mumbai terror attacks, at a place called Battal in Pakistan. Recounting how he joined terrorism, Kasab said he worked with Haji Sultan as a small-time decorator in Jhelum in Punjab province. It was a month before the Bakr-Eid festival, that co-worker Muzaffar and he spoke of how they were not making enough money from the work. Muzaffar suggested that they could indulge in thefts or dacoity to make more money. While on a visit to Rawalpindi, Kasab had approached some LeT activists whom they located in the Raja market. â€Å"I told them that I wanted to become a ‘jehadi.’ One of them enquired about where we stayed and asked us to bring our belongings there. Another accompanied us with a piece of paper on which Markaz Taiba Murqui was written and gave us some money,† he said. There they met more boys and joined them. After 21 days, Kasab was sent to Mansera, and then to Mankheda Aksa. Later, all the boys were taken to a hilly place called Battal where they were trained to operate pistols, guns, AK-47s and other weapons for 21 days. Later, they were sent to Daura Khaas for three months. Kasab said three people trained them – Abu Ansa, Abu Basheer and Abu Abdul Rehman. From Battal, he travelled to â€Å"Azad Kashmir†, the Pakistan-administered Kashmir, where he met Sayeed. All the boys were taken to another camp and trained for three months by Abu Maviya, Abu Saiful Rehman, Abu Talaah and Abu Sariya. Here they learnt to operate rocket launchers, grenades and other deadly weapons. Later, Kasab said, he was given a week’s break to go home. Upon return, Sayeed, Abu Hamza and Abu Kafa selected some of the boys to go to Kashmir.  They also learnt swimming from Abu Imran and were for a month taken to Karachi, where they were trained to get acclimatised to the sea. They returned to Muzaffarabad in PoK, were given identity cards and clothes which they wore on the day of the Mumbai terror attacks. Kasab and Abu Ismail were the first to get out after landing at Colaba in south Mumbai that evening. They hailed a cab to go to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST), as instructed by Hamza and left one bomb in the taxi and another at CST. After entering the CST, they opened fire as instructed by Hamza; Ismail lobbed grenades inside the station premises and opened fire from his AK-47. The duo continued firing and throwing grenades at regular intervals and continued moving ahead even as the security forces started confronting them and later surrounded them. Seeing little or no retaliation from the stunned police forces that night, the duo decided to take the CST subway, but Ismail beckoned him to go to Platform No. 1 where a train was waiting. They continued moving ahead in the direction of the bridge at the end of the station. They tried to force open some vehicles parked outside in a small lane. They saw a person coming from the opposite direction and Kasab killed him. Ismail started firing ahead and the duo jumped a short wall there and entered one of the wards of Cama Hospital. Ismail asked Kasab to wait at the hospital gate and he went inside, firing and later led him in. As they went inside, Kasab held a person as a shield after the police forces confronted them. They started firing and throwing grenades, outside the main gate they fired at a car and encountered firing from a jeep nearby. They hid behind a bush and later dragged out the limp bodies of three policemen and hijacked the jeep to go towards the Metro cinema junction. It was in Cama Hospital that Kasab and Ismail gunned down Anti-Terrorist Squad (ATS) chief Hemant Karkare and his associate Vijay Salaskar. They also killed another senior police official, Additional Commissioner of Police Ashok Kamte, before hijacking the police jeep. However, they kept moving in circles and by then, the jeep had developed a flat tyre. Kasab was also injured on his right elbow and left wrist and pleaded that he could not do anything more. Ismail urged him on and said that even he had sustained a bullet on his knee. Then they saw a Skoda car, they ordered the passengers – a couple, to stop, forcibly took the keys from them and took the vehicle, blindly following another car as they did not know where to proceed. At a point on the road (Girgaum Chowpatty), they saw a police barricade, and when they were ordered to stop, Ismail attempted to take a u-turn on the road, but failed. The police rushed towards them and dragged out Kasab and hammered him with a baton, snatched his gun and attacked him in the tummy with the butt. Kasab claimed that he did not fire at anyone at that juncture and had lost consciousness. When he revived, he found himself at Nair Hospital, under arrest by the Mumbai police. TRIAL Chargesheet Indian investigators filed a formal 11,000 page Chargesheet against Kasab on 25 February 2009. Due to the fact that the chargesheet was written in Marathi and English, Kasab had requested that an Urdu translation of the charge sheet be given to him. Kasab has been charged with murder, conspiracy and waging war against India along with other crimes. His trial was to have started on April 15 but was put off as his lawyer, Anjali Waghmare, had been dismissed for a conflict of interest. He has gotten a new lawyer named Abbas Kazmi. On 28 April, he wrote a letter through his lawyer to the magistrate  requesting a perfume bottle, a toothpaste, Urdu Times newspaper and permission to walk in the adjacent varandah alongside his barack. He also requested the court to deposit the amount (given to him by the terrorists) seized from him by police into his jail account. Time line of Proceedings On 26 Nov 2008, Ujjwal Nikam was appointed as Public Prosecutor. In Jan 2009, M L Tahiliyani was appointed as judge to conduct the trial. In Feb 2009, an 11,000-page charge sheet was served on Kasab. In Mar 2009, advocate Anjali Waghmare was appointed as Kasab’s lawyer. Kasab appeared through video-conferencing. In Apr 2009, Waghmare was removed as Kasab’s lawyer. Abbas Kazmi was appointed as defence lawyer in mid-April. Trial began on April 17, 2009. On 20 Apr 2009, the prosecution submitted a list of charges, including the murder of 166 people. On 6 May 2009 Kasab pleaded not guilty to 86 charges. In May 2009, an eye witness identified Kasab in court. Another said he saw Kasab and nine others arrive by boat. Two doctors who treated him, identified him. On 2 June 2009, Kasab told the judge he now also understood Marathi. In June 2009, the special court issued non-bailable warrants against 22 absconding accused including Jamaat-ud-Dawa (JuD) chief Hafeez Saeed and chief of operations of Lashkar-e-Toiba, Zaki-ur-Rehman Laqvi. On 20 July 2009 Kasab retracted his non-guilty plea and pleaded guilty to all  charges, but his trial will continue. Visiting US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said in an interview with Thai publication The Nation during the ASEAN conference in Phuket in July 2009 that had Kasab been educated, he wouldn’t have been a terrorist. On 18 December 2009, Kasab says he is innocent, he was framed and tortured by Indian Police. In a surprising U-turn he claims to have come to Mumbai 20 days ago and was simply roaming at Juhu beach when police arrested him. Details of proceedings Ajmal Amir has written to the Pakistani High Commission in India requesting help and legal aid. In the letter, he confirmed the nationality of himself and the nine slain terrorists as Pakistani. He also asked the Pakistani High Commission to take custody of the body of fellow terrorist Ismail Khan, who was killed in an encounter in south Mumbai on the night of November 26. Pakistani officials confirmed the receipt of the letter and were reported to be studying its details. However, no further updates were given on the matter by Pakistan. Kasab’s trial was delayed due to legal issues, as many Indian lawyers were unwilling to represent him. A Mumbai Bar Association passed a resolution proclaiming that none of its members would represent Kasab. However, the Chief Justice of India stated that Kasab needed a lawyer for a fair trial. A lawyer for Kasab was eventually found, but was replaced due to a conflict of interest. On February 25, 2009, Indian investigators filed an 11,000-page Chargesheet, formally charging Kasab with murder, conspiracy, and waging war against India among other charges. Kasab’s trial began on 6 May 2009. He initially pleaded not guilty, but later admitted his guilt on 20 July 2009. He initially apologized for the attacks and claimed that he deserved the death penalty for his crimes, but later retracted these claims, saying that he had been tortured by police to force his confession, and that he had been arrested while roaming the beach. The court had accepted his plea, but due to the lack of completeness within his admittance, the judge  had deemed that many of the 86 charges were not addressed and therefore the trial will continue. Kasab could, and will almost certainly, be hanged if given the maximum penalty of death. Indian and Pakistani police have exchanged DNA evidence, photographs and items found with the attackers to piece together a detailed portrait of the Mumbai plot. Police in Pakistan have arrested seven people, including Hammad Amin Sadiq, a homeopathic pharmacist, who arranged bank accounts and secured supplies, and he and six others begin their formal trial on 3 Oct 2009 in Pakistan, though Indian authorities say the prosecution stops well short of top Lashkar leaders. In November 2009, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said that Pakistan has not done enough to bring the perpetrators of the attacks to justice. On the eve of the first anniversary of 26/11, a Pakistani anti-terror court has formally charged seven accused, including LeT operations commander Zaki ur Rehman Lakhvi. Ujjawal Nikam, public prosecutor in the matter of Kasab, said there was ample evidence to show Kasab and the two arrested accused, Faheem Ansari and Sabauddin Ahmed, were part of the conspiracy hatched in Pakistan to strike terror in the financial capital. He said foreign experts would be examined but their names and addresses should be kept secret. Nikam also said that further investigations in this case were on and supplementary chargesheet would be filed later. Special Public Prosecutor Ujjwal Nikam told the court that Kasab, the prime accused in the case, would be charged with murder of 166 persons in the attack unleashed by Pakistan-based terror outfit LeT on November 26, 2008 here. Although he was not directly involved in killing all 166 persons, Kasab was an active member of conspiracy hatched in Pakistan to commit terror attacks in India, Nikam said in his brief preliminary address to open the case. Kazmi who had earlier defend to 30 accused in the 1993 Mumbai serial bomb blast trial, told the court he was willing to defend Kasab. Nikam said 1,820 witnesses had been cited but only potential among them will be examined. Prosecution would place 750 articles and 1350 documents as  evidence. Nikam told the court that Kasab was directly involved in seven different cases of terror attacks. These pertain to murder of five crew of ‘Kuber’ boat, including its navigator Amar Singh Solanki, bomb blast in a taxi at suburban Vile Parle, firing at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Cama Hospital firing attack, killing of three police officers near Cama Hospital and theft of Skoda car and attack on police team near Chowpatty, he said. In all these cases, Kasab was involved with co-conspirator Ismail Khan, who was killed in police encounter near Chowpatty, Nikam alleged. He said there are five other cases in which Kasab has been charged with murder conspiracy, although he had not directly participated in them. These are firing in Hotel Taj Mahal, Hotel Oberoi, Restaurant Leopold Cafe, Nariman House and bomb explosion in a taxi at Mazgaon. The court took on record advocate Ejaz Naqvi as defence counsel for Faheem Ansari and Ahmed. Since Naqvi did not appear in morning session and Faheem sought time to appoint another lawyer, the court asked Faheem’s wife to call Naqvi to the court. Later, he came and told the court that he would continue to defend Faheem. Demanded trial by International Court The alleged gunman in the 2008 bloody siege of Mumbai said he should be tried by an international court because he does not expect justice in India. Mohammed Ajmal Kasab, 21, told a special court that police had falsely implicated him in the case. â€Å"I should be tried in an international court,† he told Judge M.L. Tahiliyani. Earlier Kasab retracted his confession that he sprayed gunfire into a crowd at the railroad station. He also said police tortured him into admitting having a role in the attacks. Kasab also said thathe wanted to call witnesses from Pakistan for his defense, and that he should be allowed to meet Pakistani officials. Witnesses would include a passport officer, he said, without providing other details. The judge asked him to file a petition through his attorney. Kasab could face the death penalty if convicted. Murder and conspiracy to wage war against India are among the charges he faces. Kasab told the judge he came to Mumbai as a tourist and was arrested 20 days before the siege began. On the day the attacks started, Kasab said police took him from his cell because he resembled one of the gunmen. They then shot him to make it look as if he had been involved in the attacks and re-arrested him, Kasab said. ANALYSIS It is mockery of the Indian Judicial System that even the charge is proved on the convict but the trail is going on. In the month of July last year the convict pleaded guilty of all the charges, but the Judge said that the other 86 cases have not been addressed therefore the trial should continue and in the month of September he again told the court that he was forced to plead for guilty by the Indian police. Has anyone think over it that if the verdict would have been given as soon as he pleaded guilty what would happen? Such kinds of questions were raised, and will raise on Indian Judicial System if it will continue to follow such kind of path. The Court should has given its verdict on the basis of the evidences produced by the public, eye witnesses and moreover the acceptance of the charge by the convict. The other matters could have been addressed later on. Even there was news that Kasab giggle over the question asked by the judge and made fun of it. This is a satire on the discipline of the courts. The judge has to order him to  behave in the court. This clearly shows that giving a chance of fair trial to convict made him to perceive as nothing is going to happen to him for the next ten years. People have such kind of mentality towards the Judicial System. If a suit has been filed in a court then the guilty has nothing to do with it for many years. Our Judicial System needs changes. This system has to be discarded and a new system should be introduced. Indian Police is not required to file a charge sheet of 11,000 pages and judges are needed not to give judgements running through thousand of pages. A simple and logical statement is sufficient for the parties involved in it and for the general public as well. In my view this trial of Ajmal Kasab should be finished because there is nothing more to think over it. Otherwise it will lead to expenditure of more and more money of the government on such a heinous criminal, which is of no worth.

Free Essays on Evaluation Of The Cask Of Amontillado

Evaluation of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allen Poe In the story â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, by Edgar Allen Poe, one of the characters actually gets away with murder. I chose this story for the simple fact that I enjoy Poe’s work greatly, and have since I was a child. I had a book of Poe stories and poems that was illustrated by Gahan Wilson. If you have ever seen any of Wilson’s macabre and gruesome comics or illustrations, then you will know why he is perfectly suited to engage with Poe’s often sick and twisted stories. I believe that this helped me, as a child, appreciate Poe’s work even more. I have been a fan ever since. The theme of this story, as with the majority of Poe’s work, is that of the macabre, grotesque, and more specifically, murder. There are three main characters, but only two of them are realized in this story. The first is Montresor, whose eyes we see the story through. I take him as being a sort of noble or some type of semi-powerful man in early 19th century France. He is a smart man, perhaps well educated due to his family’s money and power. While money and power are still present, I get the feeling that neither are as prevalent as they once were, simply because Montresor states â€Å"The Montresors, were a great and numerous family.† (151) His use of the word â€Å"were† symbolizes past tense. The second character is Fortunato. He is in the same class as Montresor, with money, power, and respect all coming his way. Fortunato seems very immature, so I get the feeling that he is a bit younger than Montresor, although it is hard for me to establish their ages. He is not as bright as Montresor, and while he is probably well educated, it is wasted on stupidity and cockiness. He is a very arrogant person, which causes people to tolerate him simply because they feel they have to. The third character, although we never meet him, is mentioned several times by Montresor and Fortunato. He i... Free Essays on Evaluation Of The Cask Of Amontillado Free Essays on Evaluation Of The Cask Of Amontillado Evaluation of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allen Poe In the story â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, by Edgar Allen Poe, one of the characters actually gets away with murder. I chose this story for the simple fact that I enjoy Poe’s work greatly, and have since I was a child. I had a book of Poe stories and poems that was illustrated by Gahan Wilson. If you have ever seen any of Wilson’s macabre and gruesome comics or illustrations, then you will know why he is perfectly suited to engage with Poe’s often sick and twisted stories. I believe that this helped me, as a child, appreciate Poe’s work even more. I have been a fan ever since. The theme of this story, as with the majority of Poe’s work, is that of the macabre, grotesque, and more specifically, murder. There are three main characters, but only two of them are realized in this story. The first is Montresor, whose eyes we see the story through. I take him as being a sort of noble or some type of semi-powerful man in early 19th century France. He is a smart man, perhaps well educated due to his family’s money and power. While money and power are still present, I get the feeling that neither are as prevalent as they once were, simply because Montresor states â€Å"The Montresors, were a great and numerous family.† (151) His use of the word â€Å"were† symbolizes past tense. The second character is Fortunato. He is in the same class as Montresor, with money, power, and respect all coming his way. Fortunato seems very immature, so I get the feeling that he is a bit younger than Montresor, although it is hard for me to establish their ages. He is not as bright as Montresor, and while he is probably well educated, it is wasted on stupidity and cockiness. He is a very arrogant person, which causes people to tolerate him simply because they feel they have to. The third character, although we never meet him, is mentioned several times by Montresor and Fortunato. He i...

Examples and Characteristics of Effective Analogies

Examples and Characteristics of Effective Analogies An  analogy  is a type of  composition  (or, more commonly, a  part  of an  essay  or  speech) in which one idea, process, or thing is explained by  comparing  it to something else. Extended  analogies are commonly used to make a complex process or idea easier to understand. One good analogy, said  American attorney Dudley Field Malone, is worth three hours discussion. Analogies prove nothing, that is true, wrote Sigmund Freud, but they can make one feel more at home. In this article, we examine the characteristics of effective analogies and consider the value of using analogies in our writing. An analogy is reasoning or explaining from parallel cases. Put another way, an analogy is a comparison between two different things in order to highlight some point of similarity. As Freud suggested, an analogy wont settle an argument, but a good one may help to clarify the issues. In the following example of an effective analogy, science writer Claudia Kalb relies on the computer to explain how our brains process memories: Some basic facts about memory are clear. Your short-term memory is like the RAM on a computer: it records the information in front of you right now. Some of what you experience seems to evaporatelike words that go missing when you turn off your computer without hitting SAVE. But other short-term memories go through a molecular process called consolidation: theyre downloaded onto the hard drive. These long-term memories, filled with past loves and losses and fears, stay dormant until you call them up.(To Pluck a Rooted Sorrow, Newsweek, April 27, 2009) Does this mean that human memory functions exactly like a computer in all ways? Certainly not. By its nature, an analogy offers a simplified view of an idea or process- an illustration rather than a detailed examination. Analogy and Metaphor Despite certain similarities, an analogy is not the same as a metaphor. As Bradford Stull observes in The Elements of Figurative Language (Longman, 2002), the analogy is a figure of language that expresses a set of like relationships among two sets of terms. In essence, the analogy does not claim total identification, which is the property of the metaphor. It claims a similarity of relationships. Comparison Contrast An analogy is not quite the same as comparison and contrast either, although both are methods of explanation that set things side by side. Writing in The Bedford Reader (Bedford/St. Martins, 2008), X.J. and Dorothy Kennedy explain the difference: You might show, in writing a comparison and contrast, how San Francisco is quite unlike Boston in history, climate, and predominant lifestyles, but like it in being a seaport and a city proud of its own (and neighboring) colleges. That isnt the way an analogy works. In an analogy, you yoke together two unlike things (eye and camera, the task of navigating a spacecraft and the task of sinking a putt), and all you care about is their major similarities. The most effective analogies are usually brief and to the point- developed in just a few sentences. That said, in the hands of a talented writer, an extended analogy can be illuminating. See, for example, Robert Benchleys comic analogy involving writing and ice skating in Advice to Writers. Argument From Analogy Whether it takes a few sentences or an entire essay to develop an analogy, we should be careful not to push it too far. As weve seen, just because two subjects have one or two points in common doesnt mean that they are the same in other respects as well. When Homer Simpson says to Bart, Son, a woman is a lot like a refrigerator, we can be fairly certain that a breakdown in logic will follow. And sure enough: Theyre about six feet tall, 300 pounds. They make ice, and . . . um . . . Oh, wait a minute. Actually, a woman is more like a beer. This sort of logical fallacy is called the argument from analogy or false analogy. Examples of Analogies Judge for yourself the effectiveness of each of these three analogies. Pupils are more like oysters than sausages. The job of teaching is not to stuff them and then seal them up, but to help them open and reveal the riches within. There are pearls in each of us, if only we knew how to cultivate them with ardor and persistence.( Sydney J. Harris, What True Education Should Do, 1964) Think of Wikipedias community of volunteer editors as a family of bunnies left to roam freely over an abundant green prairie. In early, fat times, their numbers grow geometrically. More bunnies consume more resources, though, and at some point, the prairie becomes depleted, and the population crashes.Instead of prairie grasses, Wikipedias natural resource is an emotion. Theres the rush of joy that you get the first time you make an edit to Wikipedia, and you realize that 330 million people are seeing it live, says Sue Gardner, Wikimedia Foundations executive director. In Wikipedias early days, every new addition to the site had a roughly equal chance of surviving editors scrutiny. Over time, though, a class system emerged; now revisions made by infrequent contributors are much likelier to be undone by à ©lite Wikipedians. Chi also notes the rise of wiki-lawyering: for your edits to stick, youve got to learn to cite the complex laws of Wikipedia in arguments with other editors. Toget her, these changes have created a community not very hospitable to newcomers. Chi says, People begin to wonder, Why should I contribute anymore?and suddenly, like rabbits out of food, Wikipedias population stops growing.(Farhad Manjoo, Where Wikipedia Ends. Time, Sep. 28, 2009) The great Argentine footballer, Diego Maradona, is not usually associated with the theory of monetary policy, Mervyn King explained to an audience in the City of London two years ago. But the players performance for Argentina against England in the 1986 World Cup perfectly summarized modern central banking, the Bank of Englands sport-loving governor added. Maradonas infamous hand of God goal, which should have been disallowed, reflected old-fashioned central banking, Mr. King said. It was full of mystique and he was lucky to get away with it. But the second goal, where Maradona beat five players before scoring, even though he ran in a straight line, was an example of the modern practice. How can you beat five players by running in a straight line? The answer is that the English defenders reacted to what they expected Maradona to do. . . . Monetary policy works in a similar way. Market interest rates react to what the central bank is expected to do.(Chris Giles, Alone Among Governors. Financial Times. Sep. 8-9, 2007) Finally, keep in mind Mark Nichters analogical observation: A good analogy is like a plow which can prepare a populations field of associations for the planting of a new idea (Anthropology and International Health, 1989).